The world is experiencing a profound transformation in education, powered by advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). Universities globally are not merely adapting these new tools, they are redefining learning experiences and outcomes through technology. However, Nepal's public universities are lagging significantly behind, grappling with challenges such as limited infrastructure, funding constraints and a lack of digital literacy. It is crucial to bridge this gap, as students will have to compete on a global stage where AI and other technologies are leveling the playing field and creating new opportunities.

The Global Surge in Educational Technology

Education systems worldwide are rapidly embracing technology to make learning more personalised, accessible and impactful. For example, Arizona State University employs AI-powered platforms that monitor student performance and provide tailored mentorship, fostering improved academic outcomes. Similarly, the University of British Columbia has implemented adaptive learning tools and machine learning-powered teaching assistants that enhance engagement and collect actionable feedback for instructors.

European universities have also embraced advanced tools. The Open University in the UK, for example, utilises online assessments supported by comprehensive data analytics, helping students track and improve their performance. Meanwhile, French universities integrate AR and VR into their curricula, providing immersive learning experiences for subjects that demand practical application. These technologies allow learners to perform virtual experiments and engage in simulations from any location, a breakthrough for remote and experiential learning.

Nepal’s Position in the Digital Divide

While universities worldwide are embracing rapid innovation, Nepali institutions are lagging behind in adoption of even basic technologies. Although institutions like Tribhuvan University and Kathmandu University have experimented with online learning platforms, such efforts have remained limited in scope and impact. Challenges such as the lack of dependable internet access and modern digital tools have further widened the gap between Nepali institutions and their international counterparts. Students in Nepal often rely on outdated resources, which undermine their engagement and hampers their ability to compete in global markets.

Generative AI and related technologies remain underutilised in Nepal largely due to infrastructural and financial constraints. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Nepali universities turned to digital platforms for remote learning out of necessity. However, these initiatives were sporadic and poorly resourced, highlighting the urgent need for a comprehensive digital strategy. The disparity extends to faculty as well. Most instructors lack training in using digital tools effectively, which limits their ability to integrate technology into teaching. Without addressing these challenges, Nepal risks falling further behind as global education continues to evolve at a breakneck pace.

Opportunities and Challenges for Nepal

Infrastructure Gaps: One of Nepal's most pressing challenges is the lack of reliable internet access. A 2023 UNESCO report found that while over 70% of students globally can access the internet for educational purposes, the figure is much lower in developing countries like Nepal. Without adequate infrastructure, students and faculty are unable to leverage the benefits of advanced technologies.

Funding and Policy Limitations: Nepal’s higher education budget allocates little to technology integration. This leaves institutions to rely on outdated systems. Policymakers must prioritise investments in digital infrastructure and introduce subsidies for students to access online resources.

Cultural and Educational Barriers: A lack of digital literacy among both students and faculty remains a significant obstacle for Nepal. Many educators are unfamiliar with AI and other digital tools, making it difficult to adopt these technologies at scale. Training programs for faculty, as well as awareness campaigns for students, therefore, are essential to foster a culture of digital adoption.

Ethical Concerns and Regulation: The rise of generative AI also presents ethical challenges. Concerns about data privacy, academic integrity and the potential misuse of AI-generated content must be addressed through clear policies and guidelines. UNESCO has called for a balanced approach, advocating for both the integration of AI in education and safeguards against its misuse.

Strategic Solutions for Nepal

To bridge this divide, Nepal must adopt a multipronged approach that addresses infrastructure, training, funding and partnerships. Some key strategies include:

Investing in Infrastructure: Expanding internet access and equipping universities with modern tools should be a top priority. This includes integrating AI-powered platforms, virtual labs and adaptive learning systems that can enhance student engagement and outcomes.

International Collaborations: Partnering with global technology firms and institutions can provide Nepal with the expertise and financial resources needed to implement digital solutions. For example, UNESCO and private companies have already supported similar initiatives in other developing countries.

Training Programs for Faculty and Students: Comprehensive training programs are essential for equipping faculty with the skills to integrate technology into teaching. These programs should focus on using generative AI, AR and VR effectively while addressing ethical considerations.

Policy Support and Funding: The government should introduce subsidies for internet and technology access to ensure no student is left behind. Additionally, clear guidelines on the ethical use of AI in education must be established to prevent misuse.

Leveraging Generative AI: Generative AI has immense potential to transform education in Nepal. By automating administrative tasks, creating personalised learning paths, and fostering collaboration, these tools can democratise access to high-quality education.

Vision for the Future

Nepal’s public universities are at a pivotal moment. The decisions made today will determine whether the country’s students are prepared for a tech-driven future or left behind in an increasingly competitive global landscape. By focusing on infrastructure, training, partnerships and policy, Nepal can create a vibrant, tech-enabled education system that empowers students to thrive in the global workforce.

Generative AI and other advanced technologies offer unprecedented opportunities to enhance education. However, realising this potential requires decisive action and a shared commitment from universities, policymakers and international partners. With thoughtful planning and investment, Nepal can bridge the digital divide thereby ensuring that its students receive an education that meets global standards and preparing them for the challenges of tomorrow.

Although the road to transforming the education system in Nepal is challenging, the rewards are immense. By embracing technology and fostering collaboration, Nepal can not only modernise its universities but also position itself as a leader in the global education landscape. The time to act is now, and with the right strategies in place, the future of Nepali education looks promising.

(Pradhan and Gadtaula are analysts at Business Brainz, a global business research and insight firm operating from Nepal.)

(This opinion article was originally published in  December 2024 issue  of New Business Age Magazine.)